How To Draw A 3d Metal Organic Framework Pcn-224
Foods. 2021 Feb; 10(2): 419.
A Long-Term Stable Sensor Based on Fe@PCN-224 for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of H2O2 in Fishery Products
Maria Pia Sammartino, Academic Editor and Federico Marini, Academic Editor
Received 2020 Dec 27; Accustomed 2021 Feb 10.
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2Oii) has been reported to exist used for the illegal treatment of fishery products in order to obtain "fake" freshness. Residues of H2O2 in nutrient may exist of toxicology business concern. In this study, a nonenzymatic sensor was adult based on Iron@PCN-224 metal–organic frameworks wrapped by Nafion to detect H2O2 concentration. The hybrid structure of Iron@PCN-224 was fabricated by incorporated costless Fe3 ions into the centre of PCN-224, which was ultra-stable due to the potent interactions between Zrsix and the carboxyl group. Scanning electron spectroscopy images exhibited that Nafion sheets crossed together on the surface of Fe@PCN-224 nanoparticles to course a hierarchical and coherent structure for efficient electron transfer. Electrochemical investigations showed that the Iron@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE possessed good linearity from 2 to 13,000 μM (including four orders of magnitude), low detection limits (0.7 μM), high stability in continuous monitoring (current remained virtually stable over 2300 south) and in long-term measurement (current decreased 3.4% for thirty days). The prepared nanohybrid modified electrode was finer applied to HtwoO2 detection in 3 dissimilar fishery products. The results were comparable to those measured using photometrical methods. The developed electrochemical method has a great potential in detecting the illegal management of fishery products with HiiO2.
Keywords: Fe@PCN-224, Nafion, nonenzymatic sensor, hydrogen peroxide, fishery products
ane. Introduction
Nowadays, food quality control has become increasingly of import due to the growing need for high-quality and sanitary food [1,2]. Amid a variety of foods, the freshness of fishery products is the near crucial commercial quality factor for consumers [three,4,v]. The Regulation (EC) N 2406/96 of the European Parliament and the Council defines four categories for fresh fish products. The fishery products classified as the last category must be judged equally not suitable for humans consumption and withdrawn from the market place [6].
Because of the actions of many endogenous and exogenous enzymes, fishery products are perishable and like shooting fish in a barrel to have appearance changes with off-flavors [7]. However, some illegal treatments on these products may simulate "fake" freshness, i of which is to utilize hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Illegal treatment with 0.5–0.eight% H2Otwo aqueous solution has been reported [8], which causes whitening and "fresh" effects on fishery products due to the oxidation properties of H2Otwo [9,10].
In fact, H2O2, with fix availability and an affordable price, can convert trimethylamine (TMA, a kind of degradation product) to trimethylamine-North-oxide (TMAO, amine oxide in living fishes) [eleven,12]. If the amount of TMAO is increased by H2Otwo treatment, the protein of muscle tissue will be stabilized [13]. Moreover, the decrease of principal glycoproteins on the fish skin volition reduce viscosity and slow downwards the advent of off-season [14]. Consuming these foods containing excessive H2Otwo can cause nausea, headaches and potential risks of cancer [15,16,17]. The residual HtwoO2 must be removed from dairy foods during the processing of foods, according to US FDA regulations [18]. Consequently, a rapid and quantitative method of detecting HiiO2 residue in fishery products is sorely needed to guarantee food safety.
Amid a large number of the H2Otwo physicochemical-sensing strategies, including chemiluminescence [19], titrimetry [twenty], spectrophotometry [21], electrochemistry [22], etc., the electrochemical sensor has become an optimal pick to actualize the H2Otwo detection due to its high reliability, selectivity, depression detection limits, simplicity of the device, and piece of cake application in situ [23]. During the past several decades, although electrochemical enzyme-based sensors have attracted strong interest and developed extensively [24,25], the sensing mechanism that is based on biorecognition elements makes the enzyme sensors lack reproducibility and long-term stability. The denaturation process may even be accelerated in some special environments [26]. In effect, developing advanced nonenzymatic sensing materials with enzyme–mimetic catalytic activeness to meliorate the performance of the electrodes for H2O2 detection has attracted increasing attention, including transition metals [27], noble metals [28], metallic oxides [29] and carbon-based materials [30].
Nanozymes are artificial nanomaterials with inherent catalytic properties similar to natural enzymes [31]. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) compounds composed of metal–oxygen clusters bridged past organic linking molecules are becoming a new class of enzyme mimics [32]. The porous 3D coordination polymers have larger specific surface areas and a college density of accessible catalytic sites [33], which makes it possible to be a type of excellent peroxidase mimicking materials [34,35,36]. It has been reported that MOFs synthetic by Zr6 and porphyrin possess framework hyperstability for the strong electrostatic interactions betwixt high valence ZrFour and carboxylate linkers [37,38]. Amidst the reported porphyrinic Zr-MOFs, due to their nanoporous channels and extraordinary chemical stability, PCN-224 (PCN = porous coordination network) is considered an impressive material for practical applications in aqueous media [39,40], which paves the style for practical applications on electrodes.
FeII and FeThree are common and easily attainable redox states, which make iron a good candidate in preparing Fe-based MOFs [41,42]. Inspired by the peroxidase-like activity of natural metalloporphyrins, such as heme, iron porphyrin also has been used as MOF materials to model peroxidase [43,44]. The reaction of H2O2 and iron ions can provide a ground for Atomic number 26-based MOFs as HiiOtwo nanozymes [45,46]. Therefore, we implanted coordinatively unsaturated Atomic number 26III ions into the porphyrin unit in PCN-224 and generated a new hybrid construction, Atomic number 26@PCN-224, by merging the above advantages of PCN-224 and Atomic number 26III [47]. In the kinetics study with three typical peroxidase substrates (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, ii,2′-azinodi(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonate, and o-phenylene-diamine), the newly formed Fe@PCN-224 possesses peroxidase-similar action with much lower Michaelis constants (Kone thousand) and higher Kcat values (maximal reaction velocity divided by goad molar concentration, viewed as the optimum turnover charge per unit demonstrating the catalytic activity) than most of the peroxidase-like nanozymes, indicating their enhanced catalytic activities [48].
In this written report, a new H2O2 electrode was developed by coating Fe@PCN-224/Nafion on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). As dispersant and interferent barrier, Nafion formed compatible membranes that immobilized Iron@PCN-224 on the GCE surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was adopted to characterize the morphology of the blended materials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to examine the functioning of the sensor. Furthermore, stability, selectivity, reproducibility, linear range and detection limit were proposed and discussed. In this work, as-prepared Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE was employed to detect residual HiiOtwo in three kinds of fresh fishery products. The relative accuracy assessment of the electrochemical method was also attempted by comparing information technology with the measurement results of the photometric method.
2. Materials and Methods
2.one. Materials
Hydrogen peroxide (H2Otwo, 30%), horseradish peroxidase (HRP, freeze-dried pulverization, >200 units/mg), N,N-diethyl-1,iv-phenylenediammonium sulfate (DPD), Fifty-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). FeCliii and Nafion (10% in water) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, Mainland china). Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (H2TCPP) was purchased from TCI (Shanghai, Mainland china). Oxalic acid dehydrate was purchased from Mackin (Shanghai, China). ZrClO2·8H2O, benzoic acrid, DMF, glucose, ascorbic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium carbonate, sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, and calcium chloride dehydrate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, Prc). All the experimental h2o comes from the Milli-Q reference system (Millipore, America) unless stated otherwise.
Fishery product samples were Todarodes pacificus belonging to the family Ommastrephidae; Larimichthys polyactis belonging to the family Sciaenidae; Pennahia argentata belonging to the family Sciaenidae. The above three kinds of fresh fishery products were purchased in a local market (Xincheng Market place, No. 95 Jindao Road, Dinghai Commune, Zhoushan 316021, China) and brought into the laboratory no subsequently than one h in ice.
2.2. Instruments
A scanning electron microscope (Zeiss Sigma 500, Oberkochen, Federal republic of germany) was used to analyze morphology. A UV-visible spectrophotometer (Evolution 300, Waltham, MA, U.s.) was applied to find HtwoO2 concentration. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric measurements were performed using a PARSTAT 4000 electrochemical workstation (AMETEK, Princeton, NJ, United states). All electrochemical measurements were carried out in a typical three-electrode system with saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode, platinum (Pt) deejay electrode every bit the counter electrode and modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as the working electrode.
2.three. Fabrication of PCN-224 and Fe@PCN-224
PCN-224 nanoparticles were manufactured according to the previously reported procedure [48]. In this experiment, fifty mg of HtwoTCPP, 150 mg of ZrOClii·8H2O, and 1.4 g of benzoic acid were first dissolved in 50 mL of DMF. The solution was heated evenly at 90 °C for 5 h. After the reaction was completed, PCN-224 nanoparticles were collected by centrifugation and and then washed three times with fresh DMF.
As for Atomic number 26@PCN-224, 60 mg of PCN-224 and 80 mg of FeCl3 were dispersed in 20 mL DMF. The solution was stirred for thirty min at room temperature and so heated at 120 °C under stirring (300 rpm) for eight h. Finally, the Fe@PCN-224 were obtained by centrifugation and washed three times with DMF and were stored in fresh DMF for further analysis.
two.4. Training of Fe@PCN-224-Modified Electrodes
The above Iron@PCN-224 was washed three times with water and 100 μL 1wt% Nafion were mixed under ultrasonication for 1 h, so the Fe@PCN-224/Nafion composites were obtained. Before fabrication of the electrodes, the treatments of bare glassy carbon electrodes were required. Burnished carbon electrode was offset polished with ane.5 μm, 0.5 μm, and 50 nm alumina slurries to create a mirror terminate, and then sonicated with ultra-pure water, 1:ane nitric acid, ethanol, and ultra-pure water successively. Afterward the glassy carbon electrode was dried past nitrogen gas, five μL of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion break was coated on the glassy carbon electrode surface, forming Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE upon drying overnight under room temperature.
ii.5. Sample Treatment for H2O2 Determination
Training of fresh fishery products: 2 m muscle samples of the fresh fishery products were chopped and extracted with 30 mL 0.ane Grand phosphate buffer. The samples were obtained by centrifugation (6000 rpm, xv min) and filtration with a 0.45 µm filter membrane.
Grooming of some samples with H2Otwo to simulate illegal treatment: 2 m musculus samples of the fresh fishery products were completely immersed in 10 mL H2O2 solution (0.8%) for 2 min [vii]. The samples were rinsed 3 times with 50 mL of fresh water after removal of the liquid. The aforementioned method as above was used to excerpt the treated fishery products.
2.six. Electrochemical Decision of HiiO2
All electrochemical measurements were carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell at room temperature of 25 °C. CVs were obtained with a potential window of −1.5–1.5 5 at a scan rate of fifty mV/s in 0.one K phosphate buffer (pH vii.0). All amperometric measurements were carried out at an practical potential of 1.0 V in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH vii.0) without specific clarification, requiring the transient background to decrease to a steady-state value. Magnetic stirring was applied to the solution during amperometric measurements to maintain convective mass transfer characteristics.
2.vii. Spectrophotometric Determination of HiiO2
Nosotros used the photometrical method described past Bader et al. [49], which was slightly modified past Drabkova et al. [50]. The buffer stock solution was prepared by mixing one.two mL 0.5 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 10.8 mL sample. 20 μL of DPD reagent (0.1 thou DPD diluted in ten mL 0.5 K H2Sofour solution) and xx μL of HRP reagent (10 mg HRP diluted in x mL h2o) were added into the buffered sample, while continually stirred. The developed color was measured at a wavelength of 551 nm. The absorbance of the whole mixture without HRP addition was measured as a blank. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was calculated co-ordinate to the following equation:
(1)
in which ΔA551 is absorbance after subtracting the value of the blank, 5 final is the terminal volume of the measured mixture, ε is 21,000 Thousand−i cm−1, L is the length of the optical cell, and V sample is the volume of the original sample.
three. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Composites
The preparation of Iron@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE was a four-step process, as presented in Figure one. First, prior to the grooming of Atomic number 26@PCN-224, PCN-224 was synthesized using typical methods [48]. Due to the strong interaction betwixt Zrvi and the carboxyl group, PCN-224 has super stability. Second, free FeThree ions were incorporated into the centre of the porphyrin unit. The obtained Fe@PCN-224 owns high open metallic site density for electrochemical applications due to the special structure of MOFs [51]. So, by mixing the Fe@PCN-224 particles in Nafion solution in a fast ultrasonic process, the well-mixed Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion composites were obtained. Nafion, as a proton-conducting membrane in electrochemical sensors, has the ability to block the anionic oxidant and reductant, which is expected to avoid interference in real samples [52]. Finally, Fe@PCN-224/Nafion break was coated on the GCE surface, forming Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE upon drying. Surface structure and response properties were obtained by subsequent label assay and electrochemical experiments.
Schematic illustration for the fabrication of Iron@PCN-224/Nafion/glassy carbon electrode (GCE).
The texture of PCN-224 (a), Fe@PCN-224 (b, c) and Fe@PCN-224/Nafion (d) can be observed in SEM and TEM images presented in Figure 2. SEM image shows that PCN-224 is a uniform spherical particle with the size of approximately 100 nm (Figure twoa), which is beneficial for evenly mixing. Fe@PCN-224 displays almost the aforementioned morphology and size as PCN-224 after the reaction between Atomic number 26III and PCN-224 (Figure 2b,c). Nafion is seen as a dumbo sheet of planes with wrinkles stacked on information technology. From the SEM image of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion (Figure 2d), Nafion sheets class a stratified construction by intersecting together on the surface of Iron@PCN-224. The interface between the Nafion sheets and Fe@PCN-224 is coherent, enabling efficient electron transfer inside the hybrid structure. Figure S1 shows respective elemental mapping images of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion. Through chemical element map identification, FeIII was successfully incorporated into PCN-224, and the Iron@PCN-224 was evenly mixed with Nafion.
SEM images of (a) PCN-224, (b) Fe@PCN-224, (d) Fe@PCN-224/Nafion. TEM image of (c) Atomic number 26@PCN-224.
3.two. Cyclic Voltammetry of the HtwoO2 Sensor
The sensing properties of Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE for the electrochemical detection of H2Oii were studied preliminarily using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Figure 3a shows the CVs of the bare GCE, the Nafion/GCE, the Fe@PCN-224/GCE and the Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE with 2 mM HiiOii at a scan rate of l mV s−one. For the bare GCE and Nafion-coated electrodes, a very weak oxidation summit at virtually 1.2 V is observed, which suggests that GCE and Nafion have no catalytic furnishings on the reaction of H2O2. A similar miracle was observed in the H2O2 sensor (Cu-TDPAT/GCE) developed by Zhang et al. [53], which was attributed to the slow electron transfer kinetics of the H2O2 oxidation procedure. In contrast, CVs of Fe@PCN-224/GCE and the Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE exhibit a remarkable oxidation current peak at near i.one 5, which are approximately four.7 and two.5 times college than the Nafion/GCE, respectively, indicating that Fe@PCN-224 has an efficient electrocatalytic activity for H2Otwo oxidation. Comparison the CVs of Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE and Atomic number 26@PCN-224/GCE, the oxidation current of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE is almost 1.nine times higher than that of Fe@PCN-224/GCE, which is rational because of better conductivity caused past Nafion. Moreover, the synergistic effect of Nafion and Fe@PCN-224 could result in an amplified oxidation electric current. The CV of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE in blank solution, shown in Effigy 3b, exhibits 1 pair of redox peaks with extremely weak oxidation currents. Later on calculation 2 mM HiiO2 in solution, a pair of enhanced redox peaks are observed. The oxidation summit current increases half-dozen.viii times higher than in the blank solution, demonstrating observable electrocatalytic activity of the Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE toward H2O2 oxidation.
Cyclic voltammograms of (a) the Iron@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE, blank, Nafion, and Fe@PCN-224-modified GCE with ii mM H2O2 and (b) Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE with (red curves) or without (black curves) 2 mM H2O2 in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer recorded at scan rate of l mV southward−1, respectively. (c) Circadian voltammograms of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE for ii mM HiiO2 in different scan rates (40, 70, 100, 130, 160, 190, 220, 250, 280, 310, 340, 370 and 400 mV south−i). (d) The relationship between peak currents and browse rates.
Atomic number 26@PCN-224 shows almost no emission peak by TA (terephthalic acid) probing method, which demonstrates that Atomic number 26@PCN-224 does not produce •OH [48]. TA could react with •OH to grade TA-OH, which is fluorescent at an excitation wavelength of 315 nm [54,55]. Some researchers suggest that the Fenton reaction produces not just •OH but too the ferryl ion (Fe4+=O), which is dependent on the nature of the chelator [56]. Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion probably produces ferryl ion in the presence of H2Oii to exhibit peroxidase-similar action [48,57,58], which needs further studies to demonstrate. Based on the higher up results, the pertinent reaction mechanism could be proposed as two procedures: In the first step, the catalytic center Iron3@PCN-224/Nafion is oxidized electrochemically to FeFour=O@PCN-224/Nafion. The second procedure is the progress of chemic recognition. H2Oii tin be absorbed to the pores and surfaces of FeIV=O@PCN-224/Nafion, then FeIV=O@PCN-224/Nafion reacts simultaneously with H2Oii and is reduced to Fe3@PCN-224/Nafion. H2O2 loses electrons and is oxidized to produce oxygen. The reaction mechanism could be described as follows:
(2)
(3)
The effect of the scan rate versus the current in 2 mM HiiO2 solution was detected. Referring to Figure threec, the oxidation peak current (Ipa) increases with the scan rate (v) in the range of 40 to 400 mV s−1. There is a adept linear human relationship betwixt Ipa and the foursquare root of v with R 2 = 0.999 (Figure 3d). The relationship could be expressed as Ipa (μA) = 0.911+vii.926vi/2 (mV due south−1), which indicates that the electrochemical reaction of H2O2 on Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE is a diffusion-controlled irreversible procedure in the investigated potential range.
3.3. Amperometric Measurement of HtwoOii
As shown in Figure S2, the oxidation current response of the sensor gradually increases with the increase of practical potential (0.8–1.0 V) and decreases after this (1.0–1.ii V), reaching a maximum value at 1.0 V. Therefore, 1.0 V was selected as the optimal applied potential in subsequent measurements. Typical current–time dynamic response of the Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE towards HtwoO2 is shown in Figure 4a. The electrode responds quickly to the change of H2Oii concentration. The current is stable within x south after adding dissimilar concentrations of H2O2. The linear plot of HtwoO2 concentration versus amperometric currents demonstrates two corresponding linear regions of 2 to 1500 μM and 1500 to 13,000 μM, which covers four orders of magnitude of HiiOtwo concentrations. As illustrated in Effigy 4b, the respective calibration curve in range from 2 to 1500 μM exhibits regression equation Ipa (μA) = (0.05 ± 0.01) + (4.37 ± 0.03) C (mM), R 2 = 0.999. In range from 1500 to thirteen,000 μM, the corresponding scale bend could be expressed as regression equation Ipa (μA) = (v.34 ± 0.25) + (ane.75 ± 0.03) C (mM), R 2 = 0.993. The detection limit is 0.7 μM with a betoken-to-racket ratio of three (Southward/N = 3).
(a) The typical current–fourth dimension dynamic response of the Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE with successive additions of H2Oii ranging from two–thirteen,000 μM. Inset: enlarged electric current–time response curve with HiiO2 concentrations ranging from 2–50 μM. (b) The linear human relationship between current bespeak and H2O2 concentration ranging from two–1500 μM and 1500–xiii,000 μM.
A comparison of linear range and detection limit for Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE with other H2O2 sensors reported in the literature is shown in Table i. The proposed electrode has a wider range than traditional sensors, especially some horseradish peroxidase sensors. The wider linear range, including four orders of magnitude, allows the electrode to monitor a broader range of HtwoOii concentrations. It can be seen that Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE is able to present satisfactory sensing performance with a wide linear range and a comparable detection limit.
Table 1
Comparing of dissimilar sensors for the determination of H2Oii.
| Electrode Material | Linear Range (μM) | Detection Limit (μM) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 MP/ZnO/PGE | one–100 | 0.3 | [59] |
| 2 HRP/SPE | v.98–35.36 | 0.48 | [lx] |
| 3 Ag/L-Cys/GCE | 2.5–1500 | 0.7 | [28] |
| iv Cyt c/MPCE | 20–240 | 14.six | [61] |
| 5 C12-PPy-Au-HRP/GCE | 2–420 | 0.25 | [62] |
| CuiiO/six GNs/GCE | 300–7800 | xx.viii | [63] |
| Nafion/seven Mb/CGNs/GCE | 1.5–90 | 0.5 | [64] |
| 8 NG/Ag NP/MME | 5–47,000 | 0.56 | [65] |
| Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE | 2–13,000 | 0.seven | this work |
The good performance of the Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE may be attributed to two main reasons. First of all, Nafion tin can block the anionic oxidant and reductant, which helps to attenuate their interference and extend the service life of the H2O2 sensor. Second, Fe@PCN-224 is highly porous and provides a microenvironment for H2O2 in the pores, where Iron@PCN-224 furnishes enough of open metal active sites of IronIII. The open metallic active sites of FeIII showroom enzyme-like action with HtwoO2 and play a function every bit the catalytic centre.
However, fluctuation could be observed during the detection process, which influences the detection limit of the electrode. The possible reason for the fluctuation of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE could exist related to the relatively poor conductivity of the material. On one hand, the intrinsic insulating characteristics of the carboxyl groups utilized to form MOFs results in a low electrical electrical conductivity, and electrons are obstructed from migrating along or accessing the skeleton of MOFs material. On the other hand, MOFs with micro size often have poor contact with the smoothen surface of the electrode, making it hard to transfer interfacial electrons from MOFs to the electrode surface.
3.iv. Selectivity, Stability, and Reproducibility
Selectivity. Investigations of the selectivity of the Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE to potential interferents were essential for applied applications. The public interferents of mutual H2Otwo electrodes were called. Biological samples ofttimes incorporate electroactive reducing agents, which produce corresponding oxidation currents during the detection of H2Otwo and seriously interfere with the determination. Figure 5a shows the response bend of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE to H2O2, Glc (glucose), L-Tyr (L-tyrosine), L-Phe (50-Phenylalanine), AA (Ascorbic Acid), H2CtwoOfour, KH2PO4, MgSO4, NatwoHPO4, CaCl2 and Li2CO3. After adding 100 μM H2O2, an obvious electric current response could be observed. The current does not alter significantly with the subsequent addition of 10 100 μM interfering species, indicating a good selectivity for HiiO2 sensing. Therefore, the loftier selectivity of the sensor makes it a potential candidate for H2Otwo decision in complex media.
(a) Furnishings of ten interfering species on the response bend of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE in the presence of HtwoO2. Each pointer represents the addition of the corresponding substance at a concentration of 100 μm. (b) The dynamic response curve of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE towards 400 μM HtwoO2 over 2300 consecutive seconds.
Stability. The current–time curve was continuously recorded to examine the stability of the modified electrode. As shown in Effigy 5b, the current signal near remains unchanged for a long flow of 2300 southward, which suggests good stability of the sensor. Long-term measurement was too performed to ostend electrode stability. Afterwards storing the electrode in the air for 30 days, the current response decreases to 96.6% of the original response, indicating its good long-term stability.
Reproducibility. The reproducibility of the Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE sensors prepared in different batches was besides explored. Within seven Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE sensors prepared, all of them can give a stable response in 100 μM HiiOtwo solution. Five sensors exhibit an average of 0.49 μA response electric current with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of iii.83%. However, two sensors exhibit a much lower measuring current compared to the other five, which may be related to the base GCE electrode. Further inquiry should be carried out to detect it.
3.5. Application of the HiiO2 Sensor in Real Samples
As a cheap and constructive preservative and bleaching agent, HiiO2 is generally used excessively by some illegal vendors. Superfluous HiiO2 residues in seafood and other foods pose a huge threat to consumer health. In lodge to bear witness the feasibility of the proposed Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE for applied analysis, it was used to measure the accuracy of HtwoO2 concentration in Todarodes pacificus, Larimichthys polyactis and Pennahia argentata. We added the above three kinds of chopped fresh fishery products samples to the buffer and filtered them, and then used the standard addition method to make calibration curves of H2Otwo concentrations and amperometric currents, respectively. Figure S3 was the typical current–time dynamic curves and linear relationships, suggesting that Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE has a skillful linear human relationship with H2Oii in the range of 10–1500 μM in different fishery products samples. And then the concentration of HtwoOtwo in illegally treated fishery products samples could be calculated by substituting the measured current values into the standard curves. A photometrical method was also applied to measure out the HiiO2 concentrations (considered as true values), which could aid to assure the accuracy of H2O2 quantitative detection by the sensor. Every bit shown in Table 2, the HiiO2 concentrations detected by the electrochemical method are about seven% lower than those detected past the photometrical method. The difference between the ii methods may be ascribed to the applied constant voltage in the electrochemical detection process. H2O2 could react with fishery products samples to bleach and prevent corrosion, thereby reducing the concentration of H2O2 remaining in the solution. During the electrode measurement, the applied abiding voltage may advance the reaction of residual HtwoOii and samples, which results in a decrease in HiiO2 concentration. Consequently, the measured concentration by the electrochemical method is lower than that measured by the photometrical method.
Table 2
H2Otwo concentration detected in fresh fish samples past Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE and Photometrical method.
| Samples | Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/$ GCE (µmol kg−1) | Photometrical Method (µmol kg−one) | Accuracy (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Todarodes pacificus | 18.ane ± 0.ii | 19.9 ± 0.2 | 91.0 |
| Larimichthys polyactis | 0.71 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 94.i |
| Pennahia argentata | 2.00 ± 0.03 | ii.13 ± 0.05 | 93.6 |
In general, the accuracies of different fishery product samples are between 91% and 95% in Tabular array two. The comparable deviations indicate that this electrode could effectively find H2O2 and resist the interference in real sample analysis. In improver to the advantage of fast and facile H2Otwo detection, other chemical reagents are not required for using the prepared nanohybrid-modified electrode. Therefore, Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE is expected to be used in real sample research such equally seafood.
4. Conclusions
In summary, Fe@PCN-224 with excellent performance was successfully fabricated past incorporating FeIII into the middle of PCN-224, and information technology was applied to fabricate a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of HiiO2 concentration. The sensor shows a high electrocatalytic ability to H2O2 oxidation in a wide linear range and exhibits outstanding anti-interference power, splendid stability. The prepared nanohybrid-modified electrode can be used to determine H2Otwo concentration in three kinds of fresh fishery products samples. In addition to the advantage of rapidness and briefness, simplicity of the device and like shooting fish in a barrel application of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE open up up new opportunities for in situ H2O2 detection in foods.
Acknowledgments
The authors would exist peculiarly thankful to Weijun Tong for help with material synthesis and Hao Zheng for advice on electrode grooming.
Supplementary Materials
The post-obit are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/2/419/s1, Figure S1: SEM image of Fe@PCN-224/Nafion and its corresponding elemental mapping images, Figure S2: Effects of practical potential in 0.1 1000 phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 2 mM H2O2 on the current responses of Atomic number 26@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE, Figure S3: The typical electric current–fourth dimension dynamic response of the Iron@PCN-224/Nafion/GCE and the linear relationship in Todarodes pacificus, Larimichthys polyactis and Pennahia argentata.
Author Contributions
This research was developed by iv unlike researchers; P.H., Z.S., Y.S. and Y.P. The contributions were the post-obit: Conceptualization, Y.P. and P.H.; data curation, P.H. and Z.Southward.; formal analysis, P.H., Y.P. and Y.S.; funding acquisition, Y.P.; investigation, P.H., Z.South. and Y.S.; methodology, P.H., Y.P. and Z.Due south.; resources, Y.P.; supervision, Z.S. and Y.P.; validation, P.H., Z.Due south. and Y.S.; visualization, P.H.; writing—original draft, P.H.; writing—review and editing, Y.P. and Z.Due south. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported past the National Fundamental Research and Development Program of People's republic of china (2016YFC0304905), the National Natural Scientific discipline Foundation of China (41776084), the Fundamental Enquiry Funds for the Central Universities (2018QNA4048).
Data Availability Argument
The data presented in this study are bachelor in this article and supplementary fabric.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Publisher's Annotation: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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